Methods
Animal Model Protocols for Peptide Research
Overview of planning, designing, and running animal studies for peptide therapeutics, including species selection, dosing, endpoints, ethical considerations, and data quality.
Cell Culture Assays for Peptides
Practical guide to setting up cell-based assays that measure peptide activity — receptor binding, signaling, cytotoxicity, gene expression — with appropriate controls and readouts.
Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
Principles and practical application of circular dichroism for measuring peptide secondary structure, conformational changes, and thermal stability.
Cold Chain Management
An overview of cold chain management principles for peptides, covering temperature requirements during shipping, storage, and handling to preserve peptide integrity from manufacturer to end use.
Peptide Dilution Calculations
A practical guide to peptide dilution mathematics, including concentration formulas, serial dilution techniques, and methods for adjusting reconstitution volumes to achieve target dosing concentrations.
Dose Conversion Across Species
Practical methods for converting peptide doses between species — using body-surface-area scaling, allometric scaling, and exposure-based approaches — to guide preclinical-to-clinical translation.
ELISA for Peptides
Immunoassay protocols for detecting and quantifying peptides in biological samples — direct, indirect, sandwich, and competition formats, with sensitivity optimization.
Endotoxin Testing
Laboratory procedures for detecting and quantifying bacterial endotoxins in peptide products, including gel-clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic, and recombinant factor C assays.
Fluorescence Polarization Assays
High-throughput, homogeneous solution assay that measures peptide binding to targets by monitoring the rotation rate of a fluorescently labeled tracer.
HPLC Purification of Peptides
Practical guide to purifying synthetic and recombinant peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography, covering column chemistry, gradients, detection, and fraction handling.
Injection Site Rotation
A guide to systematic injection site rotation for peptide administration, covering anatomical site selection, rotation patterns, tracking methods, and strategies to minimize tissue irritation.
Intramuscular Injection
A method of delivering substances directly into skeletal muscle tissue, providing faster absorption than subcutaneous injection due to the rich blood supply of muscle, used for certain peptides and biologics.
Intranasal Administration
A needle-free method of delivering peptides through the nasal mucosa, offering rapid absorption and potential direct access to the central nervous system, though with variable bioavailability and dosing challenges.
IV Administration
The delivery of substances directly into the venous bloodstream, providing immediate and complete bioavailability, used in clinical and research settings where precise pharmacokinetic control is required.
Lyophilization Process for Peptides
Detailed walkthrough of peptide lyophilization — freezing, primary drying, secondary drying — including formulation choices, cycle optimization, and common pitfalls.
Mass Spectrometry Analysis for Peptides
Practical overview of mass spectrometry techniques for peptide identification, quantification, sequencing, and impurity profiling — including ionization methods, analyzers, and data interpretation.
Multi-Vial Protocol Management
Practical strategies for organizing, labeling, tracking, and administering multiple peptide vials simultaneously, including scheduling, cross-contamination prevention, and inventory management.
NMR Spectroscopy for Peptides
Nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for determining peptide structure, dynamics, and interactions at atomic resolution.
Oral Peptide Administration
The delivery of peptides by mouth for absorption through the gastrointestinal tract, a convenient but challenging route due to enzymatic degradation and poor membrane permeability that result in very low bioavailability for most peptides.
Peptide Aggregation
Understanding why peptides aggregate, how to detect aggregation at all size scales, and formulation strategies to prevent it during manufacture, storage, and use.
Peptide Compounding
The preparation of customized peptide formulations by compounding pharmacies, including the regulatory framework, quality considerations, and distinctions between compounded and commercially manufactured products.
Peptide Conjugation Techniques
Strategies and chemistries for attaching peptides to other molecules — drugs, polymers, proteins, nanoparticles — for targeted delivery, improved stability, or detection.
Peptide Degradation Prevention
Strategies for minimizing chemical and physical degradation of peptides during synthesis, purification, formulation, storage, and use.
Peptide Labeling
Techniques for attaching detectable tags to peptides — fluorophores, radioisotopes, biotin, affinity handles — to track their fate in binding assays, imaging, and pharmacokinetic studies.
Peptide Library Screening
Strategies for constructing and screening peptide libraries to discover binders, inhibitors, and functional modulators — covering synthetic libraries, phage display, mRNA display, and downstream validation.
Peptide Solubility
Practical techniques for dissolving peptides, predicting solubility behavior, and troubleshooting recalcitrant peptides that resist aqueous solvation.
Peptide Storage
Guidelines for the proper storage of research peptides in both lyophilized and reconstituted forms, covering temperature, light protection, container selection, and factors that influence peptide stability over time.
Quality Assessment
Methods and criteria for evaluating the quality, purity, and identity of research peptides, including analytical techniques, certificate of analysis interpretation, and key quality indicators.
Peptide Reconstitution
A detailed guide to reconstituting lyophilized peptides with bacteriostatic water, including proper technique, storage, and common considerations.
Stability Factors
An overview of the chemical, physical, and environmental factors that influence peptide stability, including degradation pathways, formulation strategies to mitigate instability, and practical implications for handling and storage.
Sterile Technique
The set of practices designed to prevent microbial contamination during the handling, reconstitution, and administration of injectable peptides, essential for minimizing infection risk.
Sterility Testing
Laboratory procedures for confirming that a peptide preparation is free of viable microorganisms, with emphasis on method selection, incubation conditions, and interpretation.
Subcutaneous Injection
A comprehensive overview of subcutaneous injection technique, the most common delivery method for research peptides, including site selection, proper technique, and safety considerations.
Surface Plasmon Resonance
Label-free biosensor technique for measuring real-time binding interactions — association rate, dissociation rate, and equilibrium constant — of peptides and their targets.
Syringe Selection
A guide to selecting appropriate syringes and needles for peptide reconstitution and administration, covering syringe types, needle gauge, length, and volume considerations for different injection routes.
Topical Application
The application of peptides directly to the skin surface for local or superficial effects, relying on penetration into the epidermis and upper dermis rather than systemic absorption.
Transdermal Delivery
A method of drug delivery through the skin and into the systemic circulation, distinct from topical application by its intent to achieve systemic rather than local effects, with significant challenges for peptide molecules.
Western Blot for Peptides
Protocols for detecting peptides and their downstream signaling partners by SDS-PAGE separation, membrane transfer, antibody probing, and chemiluminescent or fluorescent detection.